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6.857 Computer and Network Security
October 22, 2002
Lecture Notes 13 : Palladium, Zero Knowledge
Lecturer: Ron Rivest
Scribe: Baratz/Gavacs/Sen/Sudan
[These are the initial scribe notes. The final version will appear with updated figures. Namely, the
figures will have larger fonts.]
1 Outline
- Palladium discussion
- Zero Knowledge Proofs
2 Palladium discussion
Prof. Rivest: What did people like / dislike about Palladium?
Student: I think it’s interesting to think about the various other organizations that are affecting
Palladium, like Hollywood, etc.
Student: I don’t think Palladium is going to fly. They haven’t really come up with a killer-app and
the cost is going to be too high. What is the killer app? Movie and music distribution?
Prof. Rivest: Could movie distribution be the killer app? That really seems to be their driving
motivation.
Student: It seems as though the only way they can justify this initiative is if they envision PCs
becoming the center of a home theater system. Using PCs to control DVD players, TVs, etc.
Prof. Rivest: A very useful way of thinking about it is as a virtual embedded set top box.
Student: How can they use this system for DRM if it isn’t physically tamper-resistant? Maybe due
to the DMCA it would be illegal to install dual-ported memory. Hardware attacks could probably
be carried out for hundreds of dollars or less. A movie could be extracted and then distributed.
Prof. Rivest: Besides DRM, what could this be used for?
Student: Possibly subscription services, software licensing, or piracy control.
Student: The whole TCPA framework provides a lot of functionality to enterprises.
Student: It seems as though the right-hand side of Palladium won’t really be used that much and
isn’t robust enough to run complete applications like Word, etc.
Prof. Rivest: This reminds me of how we drew the distinction between user and kernel space, and
then with Microsoft operating systems and plug-and-play people have been able to insert drivers,
etc. into kernel space. Now all they’ve done is draw another line and are daring outsiders to cross
that line. After a while all sorts of code will have found its way into the Palladium zone and then
what do we do? Draw another line and make Palladium 2?
0May be freely reproduced for educational or personal use.
1
1 page  
3.3 Proof using discrete logs
5
Figure 3: High-level overview of exchange between Prover and Verifier
that the coloring works)?
A: The Prover actually commits to a coloring before hand, so all he can do is remove the stickies
and expose the vertex colors.
Q: Does the Prover need to know all possible colorings in this scheme?
A: No (look above). The Prover picks one coloring and just permutes the color assignments (so the
coloring scheme actually remains the same).
Our informal proof of “zero-knowledge”:
The Verifier gets a transcript of his conversation with the Prover and nothing more (transcript
embodies all information obtained by the Verifier). We are assuming that the Prover takes the same
amount of time to respond to each challenge (so, for instance, the Verifier can’t learn anything extra
based on the time taken for the Prover to respond).
The information we get from this protocol is:
This distribution of transcripts can be simulated by verifier, without Prover’s help.
3.3 Proof using discrete logs
We now give another illustration of a zero-knowledge protocol. The goal of this protocol is for the
Prover to convince the Verifier that he knows the discrete logarithm x of a public value (his public
key) y.
Global public parameters: prime p, prime q dividing p − 1, g of order q.
Public key of prover: y = gx mod p
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